![]() ![]() iners non-lactobacillus species in the vagina also do not produce D-lactic acid. For example, the D- isomer of lactic acid is produced by all lactobacilli species present in the vagina except L. Differences in bacterial species abundance in the vagina during pregnancy have been shown to be associated with alterations in the concentration of compounds in the vagina. In a minority of women other species of lactobacilli, Gardnerella vaginalis or other anaerobic bacteria may predominate, while in others no single bacterial species is present at >50% of the total population. jensenii, are usually the most abundant species in the vaginas of pregnant women worldwide. In the above studies, the presence of TTV was not associated with any pregnancy-related pathology. ![]() In pregnant women, TTV has been identified in peripheral blood and in cervical and vaginal secretions. This has led to the suggestion that measurement of the TTV titer may be a sensitive indicator of immune status. However, the circulating TTV concentration becomes markedly elevated in individuals whose immune system is compromised, due either to the intake of immunosuppressive medications following organ transplantation or as a consequence of HIV infection. Its ubiquitous presence and lack of association with pathogenic conditions leads to its characterization as a non-pathogenic endogenous virus. Torquetenovirus (TTV), a small single-stranded DNA virus and a member of the Alphatorquetenovirus genus and the Anelloviridae family, is present in the circulation and body fluids of healthy individuals. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Sequence data collection and analyses were performed by the IBEST Genomics Resources Core at the University of Idaho, which is supported in part by NIH COBRE grant P30GM103324. The collection of study samples, microbiome testing and collection of demographic data and pregnancy outcome in this cohort was supported by grants from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health (DECIT) and the Brazilian National Research Council (CNPq – grant 401626/2013-0). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and supporting information.įunding: The analysis of vaginal samples for TTV was supported by departmental funds in the Laboratório de Investigaçao Médica em Virologia (LIM-52), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo. Received: SeptemAccepted: JanuPublished: January 20, 2022Ĭopyright: © 2022 Tozetto-Mendoza et al. PLoS ONE 17(1):Įditor: Caroline Mitchell, Massachusetts General Hospital, UNITED STATES (2022) The vaginal Torquetenovirus titer varies with vaginal microbiota composition in pregnant women. We conclude that the association between variations in the TTV titer and the relative abundance of specific bacterial species and vaginal compounds indicates that local changes in immune status likely influence vaginal fluid composition.Ĭitation: Tozetto-Mendoza TR, Mendes-Correa MC, Moron AF, Forney LJ, Linhares IM, Ribeiro da Silva A Jr, et al. The TTV titer was proportional to TIMP-1, TIMP-2, MMP-8 and MMP-9 abundance (p≤0.0002) and inversely proportional to the level of D-lactic acid (p = 0.0024). crispatus abundance (p<0.0001) and directly proportional to levels of G. ![]() The TTV titer was inversely proportional to L. iners were dominant (<1.0) as compared to when L. The median log 10 TTV titer was lowest when Lactobacillus species other than L. Clinical data were obtained by chart review. Dominance was defined as the relative abundance of a specific bacterium or species at >50% of the total number of bacteria identified. Vaginal matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), tissue inhibitors of MMP (TIMP) and lactic acid isomers were measured by ELISA. Vaginal TTV and microbiota composition in 494 second trimester pregnant women were identified by gene amplification and analysis. We determined if the TTV titer in the vagina of pregnant women was associated with vaginal microbiota composition and levels of compounds in vaginal secretions. Torquetenovirus (TTV) is a nonpathogenic endogenous virus whose abundance varies with the extent of immune system activation.
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